CG: n CT: These three interwoven processes—a loss function that tracks model error across different inputs, the backward propagation of that error to see how different parts of the network contribute to the error and the gradient descent algorithms that adjust model weights accordingly—are how deep learning models “learn.” As such,

GC: n CT: What is bagasse? When sugarcane is squeezed for its juice, a fibrous pulp material is left over. This material is processed into a usable form called ‘bagasse’. For each 10 tonnes of sugarcane crushed, nearly 3 tonnes of wet bagasse is produced. Bagasse is typically used to

GC: n CT: Banking Energy. The fact that electrical energy must be used in real time, when it’s generated, creates a host of problems. Geothermal plants produce electricity around the clock and need a way to save the electricity they produce at night for more productive times of day. Wind

GC: n CT: The term “bathymetry” originally referred to the ocean’s depth relative to sea level, although it has come to mean “submarine topography,” or the depths and shapes of underwater terrain. In the same way that topographic maps represent the three-dimensional features (or relief) of overland terrain, bathymetric maps

GC: n CT: Battery stores electrical energy in a reversible chemical reaction. The renewable energy (RE) source (PV, wind, or hydro) produces the energy, and the battery stores it for times of low or no RE production. Most batteries employed in renewable energy systems use the same electro-chemical reactions as

GC: n CT: The term baud is important in technology because it refers to the rate at which information is transferred along a communication channel. Specifically, it signifies the number of changes in the transmission signal per second, such as frequency, phase, amplitude, or any combination of them. Baud rate

GC: n CT: A Bayesian network is a graphical model that encodes probabilistic relationships among variables of interest. When used in conjunction with statistical techniques, the graphical model has several advantages for data analysis. One, because the model encodes dependencies among all variables, it readily handles situations where some data

GC: n CT: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has the ability to exchange data in one of two states: connected and advertising modes. Connected mode uses the Generic Attribute (GATT) layer to transfer data in a one-to-one connection. Advertising mode uses the Generic Access Profile (GAP) layer to broadcast data out

GC: n CT: When an atom of a radioisotope decays, it gives off some of its excess energy as radiation in the form of gamma rays or fast-moving sub-atomic particles. If it decays with emission of an alpha or beta particle, it becomes a new element. One can describe the

GC: n CT: The Betz limit is the theoretical maximum efficiency for a wind turbine, conjectured by German physicist Albert Betz in 1919. Betz concluded that this value is 59.3%, meaning that at most only 59.3% of the kinetic energy from wind can be used to spin the turbine and generate electricity. In reality, turbines cannot reach the Betz limit, and

GC: n CT: Big Data is an all-encompassing term for any collection of data sets so large or complex that it becomes difficult to process using traditional data processing applications. The challenges include analysis, capture, curation, search, sharing, storage, transfer, visualization, and privacy violations. The trend to larger data sets

GC: n CT: Binary Power Plants. Binary plants, like dry-steam and flash-steam plants, make use of naturally sourced hot steam generated by activity from within the Earth’s core. All geothermal plants convert thermal energy to mechanical energy, then finally to electrical energy. Binary plants specifically use a second working fluid

GC: n CT: The benefits of exquisite selectivity matched with mild conditions enable an entirely new and complementary approach to synthetic chemistry. Biocatalysis has developed enormously in the past decade and now offers solutions to many intractable chemical problems in the pharmaceutical, fine chemical and lower value industrial sectors. The

GC: n CT: What is bio­cli­matic architecture? Archi­tec­ture that has a con­nec­tion to Nature. Build­ing designs that take into account cli­mate and envi­ron­men­tal con­di­tions to help achieve optimal ther­mal com­fort inside. It deals with design and archi­tec­tural ele­ments, avoid­ing com­plete depen­dence on mechan­i­cal sys­tems, which are regarded as sup­port. A

GC: n CT: Nowadays, different research projects in Spain focus on the convergence of construction, bioclimatic and domotics systems (17). However, for significant results, these studies should be carried out in environments with similar conditions to those in standard houses. Therefore, the system presented in this work has been installed

GC: n CT: Biocoal is made from all types of biomass and bio-residues – which represent an abundantly available resource. Not only is this resource available for free, it also has the potential to generate income by providing a disposal solution for unwanted bio-residues including agricultural biowaste, sewage sludge and

GC: n CT: Here we consider bioconversion to be the use of biological processes to transform biomass materials from one form to another. Such conversions involve the use of enzymes, microbes or other biological agents, alone or in combination. It is important to note that in the ‘biorefinery’ the bioconversion

GC: n CT: Rapid and efficient enzymatic degradation of plant biomass into fermentable sugars is a major challenge for the sustainable production of biochemicals and biofuels. Enzymes that are more thermostable (up to 70°C) use shorter reaction times for the complete saccharification of plant polysaccharides compared to hydrolytic enzymes of

GC: n CT: Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease. It is a cleaner-burning replacement for petroleum diesel fuel. It is nontoxic and biodegradable. S: EERE – http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel_basics.html (last access: 26 November 2014) N: 1. also bio-diesel,

GC: n CT: Bioelectricity is generated from two bioenergy sources: solid biomass, such as wood chips and pellets, and biogas and biomethane that can be used both for electricity generation or co-generation and for injection into the gas grid as a direct substitute for natural gas. Electricity generation from these

See biomass energy

GC: n CT: Bioethanol has a number of advantages over conventional fuels. It comes from a renewable resource i.e. crops and not from a finite resource and the crops it derives from can grow well in the UK (like cereals, sugar beet and maize). Another benefit over fossil fuels is

GC: n CT: Biofertilizers are live formulations of agriculturally beneficial microorganisms, which upon application to seed, root or soil can mobilize the availabslitty of nutrients by their biological activity and help to improve the soil health. Mmicrobes involved in these formulations not only mobilize N and put P but also

GC: n CT: Microorganisms have the ability to produce electrochemically active substances that may be metabolic intermediaries or final products of anaerobic respiration. For the purpose of energy generation, these fuel-substances can be produced in one place and transported to a biofuel cell to be used as fuel. In this