GC: n

CT: The purpose of this article is to understand the state of art of photovoltaic solar energy through a systematic literature research, in which the following themes are approached: ways of obtaining the energy, its advantages and disadvantages, applications, current market, costs and technologies according to what has been approached in the scientific researches published until 2016. For this research, we performed a qualitative and quantitative approach with a non-probabilistic sample size, obtaining 142 articles published since 1996–2016 with a slitting cut. The analysis result of this research shows that studies about photovoltaic energy are rising and may perform an important role in reaching a high-energy demand around the world. To increase the participation of photovoltaic energy in the renewable energy market requires, first, to raise awareness regarding its benefits; to increase the research and development of new technologies; to implement public policies a programs that will encourage photovoltaic energy generation. Although crystal silicon solar cells were predominant, other types of cells have been developed, which can compete, both in terms of cost reduction of production, or in terms of greater efficiency. The main applications are dominated by telecommunications, water pumping, public lighting, BIPV, agriculture, water heating, grain drying, water desalination, space vehicles and satellites. The studies found on photovoltaic solar energy are all technical, thus creating the need for future research related to the economic viability, chain supply coordination, analysis of barriers and incentives to photovoltaic solar energy and deeper studies about the factors that influence the position of such technologies in the market.

S: SDir – https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032117303076 (last access: 23 November 2023)

N:1. – photovoltaic (adj): “of or pertaining to the generation of an electric current at the junction of two substances exposed to light,” 1923, from “photo-” + “voltaic”. Related: Photovoltaics.
– solar (adj): mid-15c., “of, pertaining to, or determined by the sun,” from Latin solaris “of the sun,” from sol “sun” (from PIE root *sawel- “the sun”). Meaning “living room on an upper story” (also sollar) is from Old English, from Latin solarium (see “solarium”). For “of or proceeding from the sun,” the earlier word was Old English sunlic, Middle English sonneli. Solific (1550s) also has been used.
The meaning “operated by means of the sun or its heat” is from 1740; solar power is attested from 1915, solar cell as a photovoltaic device from 1955, solar panel, designed to absorb the sun’s rays, is from 1964. The astronomical solar system “sun and the bodies revolving round or dependent on it” is attested from c. 1704; solar wind is so called from 1958.
Solar plexus (1771) “complex of nerves in the pit of the stomach,” apparently so called from its central position in the body (see “plexus”).
– energy (n): 1590s, “force of expression,” from French énergie (16c.), from Late Latin energia, from Greek energeia “activity, action, operation,” from energos “active, working,” from en “at” (see en- (2)) + -ergos “that works,” from ergon “work, that which is wrought; business; action” (from PIE root *werg- “to do”).
Used by Aristotle with a sense of “actuality, reality, existence” (opposed to “potential”) but this was misunderstood in Late Latin and afterward as “force of expression,” as the power which calls up realistic mental pictures. Broader meaning of “power” in English is first recorded 1660s. Scientific use is from 1807. Energy crisis first attested 1970.

2. Electrical power produced through photovoltaic modules.

3. Environmental concerns are growing and interest in environmental issues is increasing and the idea of generating electricity with less pollution is becoming more and more attractive. Unlike conventional generation systems, fuel of the solar photovoltaic energy is available at no cost. And solar photovoltaic energy systems generate electricity pollution-free and can easily be installed on the roof of residential as well as on the wall of commercial buildings as grid-connected PV application. In addition to grid-connected rooftop PV systems, solar photovoltaic energy offers a solution for supplying electricity to remote located communities and facilities, those not accessible by electricity companies.

4. The interest in solar photovoltaic energy is growing worldwide. Today, more than 3500 MW of photovoltaic systems have been installed all over the world. Since 1970, the PV price has continuously dropped [8]. This price drop has encouraged worldwide application of small-scale residential PV systems. These recent developments have led researchers concerned with the environment to undertake extensive research projects for harnessing renewable energy sources including solar energy. The usage of solar photovoltaic as a source of energy is considered more seriously making future of this technology looks promising.

S: 1. OED – https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=photovoltaic, https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=solar, https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=energy (last access: 15 November 2023). 2. TERMIUM PLUS – https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-eng.html?lang=eng&i=1&srchtxt=photovoltaic+solar+energy&index=alt&codom2nd_wet=1#resultrecs (last access: 1 February 2015). 3&4. SDir – https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960148105001990 (lasta access: 15 November 2023).

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CR: diode , direct conversion, central photovoltaic power plant, solar energy, solar pump.