GC: n CT: Expert Systems are computer programs that are derived from a branch of computer science research called Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI’s scientific goal is to understand intelligence by building computer programs that exhibit intelligent behavior. It is concerned with the concepts and methods of symbolic inference, or reasoning,

GC: n CT: EXPERT SYSTEMS BUILDING TOOLS: DEFINITIONS An expert system tool, or shell, is a software development environment containing the basic components of expert systems. Associated with a shell is a prescribed method for building applications by configuring and instantiating these components. Some of the generic components of a

GC: n CT: What is the green economy? The green economy is defined as a sustainable economy and society with zero carbon emissions and a one-planet footprint where all energy is derived from renewable resources which are naturally replenished. A green economy rigorously applies the triple bottom line of people,

GC: n CT: Green power can be procured several different ways. The main distinction among the options is the type of supplier and where the electricity generation equipment is located: on the electric grid or at the facility. For electricity delivered over the power grid, the status of utility restructuring

GC: n CT: The greenhouse effect refers to circumstances where the short wavelengths of visible light from the sun pass through a transparent medium and are absorbed, but the longer wavelengths of the infrared re-radiation from the heated objects are unable to pass through that medium. The trapping of the

GC: n CT: Heat and Thermal Energy: Heat – an energy transfer that occurs because of a difference in temperature. Internal Energy – the energy a substance has because of its temperature. Energy may be transferred between two objects without heat flow. Example: rubbing two coins together. Both internal energies

GC: n CT: Hydraulic energy. Itaipu produces electricity based on hydraulic energy, in other words, using potential gravitational energy from the water, contained in an elevated reservoir. This energy is present in nature and it can be used in sharp descents or waterfalls. Before it turns into electric energy, this

GC: n CT: Hydroelectric power is produced as water passes through a dam, and into a river below. The more water that passes through a dam, the more energy is produced. Once a dam is built, an artificial man-made lake is created behind the dam. Electricity is produced by a

GC: n CT: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), the prior art, is a subset of what is conceived as hydrothermal energy. Whereas OTEC (also known as hydrothermal power generation), focuses on electrical power generation from ocean temperature difference, hydrothermal energy offers a more comprehensive utilization of the natural water resources.

GC: n CT: Manure application to agricultural land involves the addition of all the components of the manure to the soil. An appropriate balance should be maintained between agronomic requirements and negative environmental impacts. Negative impacts, that could be defined as soil pollution, have to do with the addition of

GC: n CT: The common definition for nuclear energy is the energy released by a nuclear reaction, especially by fission or fusion. Practically speaking, nuclear energy uses fuel made from mined and processed uranium to make steam and generate electricity. Nuclear generation is the only source of electricity that can

GC: n CT: Wave energy is an irregular and oscillating low-frequency energy source that can be converted to a 60-Hertz frequency and can then be added to the electric utility grid. The energy in waves comes from the movement of the ocean and the changing heights and speed of the

GC: n CT: In 2011 the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) published scenarios for offshore wind energy deployment in Europe, expecting 40 GW of installed offshore wind energy capacity by 2020. Offshore wind deployment in Europe is currently lagging behind the NREAP targets by an average of 14%. By June

GC: n CT: The photothermal effect is often used (particularly in the semiconductor industry) to measure thermal properties of materials [67, 9]. A common configuration is the modulated photothermal deflection experiment [83, 10], in which a “pump” laser beam, chopped into a square wave, strikes a sample at normal incidence,

GC: n CT: A newly discovered path for the conversion of sunlight to electricity could brighten the future for photovoltaic technology. Researchers with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have found a new mechanism by which the photovoltaic effect can take place in semiconductor thin-films. This new route to energy

GC: n CT: The purpose of this article is to understand the state of art of photovoltaic solar energy through a systematic literature research, in which the following themes are approached: ways of obtaining the energy, its advantages and disadvantages, applications, current market, costs and technologies according to what has

GC: n CT: Renewables will also have a crucial role to play in the UK energy mix in the decades beyond, making the most of the UK’s abundant natural resources. To increase and accelerate the use of renewable energy in the UK, we have introduced: Renewables Obligation (RO) – provides

GC: n CT: A reservoir is an artificial lake where water is stored. Most reservoirs are formed by constructing dams across rivers. A reservoir can also be formed from a natural lake whose outlet has been dammed to control the water level. The dam controls the amount of water that

GC: n CT: Salinity power is one of the largest sources of renewable energy that is still not exploited. The potential power is large, corresponding to 2.6 MW for a flow of 1 m3/sec freshwater when mixed with seawater. The energy released from 1 m3 fresh water is comparable to

GC: n CT: Solar power is energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy. Solar energy is the cleanest and most abundant renewable energy source available, and the U.S. has some of the richest solar resources in the world. Modern technology can harness this energy for

GC: n CT: Spintronics is “Spin based electronics”. The idea is to use the electron’s spin, as well as it’s charge. Electrons can spin in two directions (Spin-Up, Spin-Down, which is actually clockwise and anti-clockwise), and the spin is detectable as weak magnetic energy. Spintronic device do not need an

CG: n CT: A steppe is a dry, grassy plain. Steppes occur in temperate climates, which lie between the tropics and polar regions. Temperate regions have distinct seasonal temperature changes, with cold winters and warm summers. Steppes are semi-arid, meaning they receive 25 to 50 centimeters (10-20 inches) of rain

GC: n CT: Kivu Lake between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, contains an enormous quantity of dissolved methane. Exploiting this methane is a fabulous opportunity for the economic development of this region. This gas also constitutes a risk of cataclysmic explosion, as occurred in Cameroon at Nyos Lake.

CG: n CT: Satellite-borne IR radiometers are turning the Earth’s stratosphere into one of the best available outdoor laboratories for observing the large-scale dynamics of a rotating, heterogeneous fluid under gravity. New insight is being gained not only into stratospheric dynamics as such, with its implications for pollutant behaviour and