GC: n
CT: The significance of renewable alternative fuels has increased in the last decade due to dwindling supplies of conventional energy sources and rising oil prices. Since natural gas and electricity costs have been increasing day by day, the share of renewable energy in total global energy consumption increases and energy recovery from biogas becomes attractive. Biogas is reported as one of the most important renewable energy sources, and biogas production is mainly based on anaerobic digestion of organic wastes. Turkey’s oil import bills likely to grow and put increasing pressure on the economy. Turkey has the highest gasoline and diesel prices in the world, and there is a high motivation and public acceptance in alternative and relatively cheaper fuels. Only about 0.2% of current energy power in Turkey is obtained from biogas and solid wastes. Since the current energy production is heavily dependant on the imported natural gas and coal in Turkey, renewable energy recovery by anaerobic digestion of organic wastes (biomethanization) has been gaining vital importance in recent years. Towards the EU membership of Turkey, waste minimization and recovery strategy will be based on this approach especially in metropolitan cities. Co-digestion of OFMSW with other co-substrates is reported as an attractive alternative for sustainable management of different separate waste streams produced at large amounts. Although, the most appropriate co-substrate alternatives for co-digestion with OFMSW are reported as the sewage sludge, animal slurries, garden wastes, fruit wastes, and so forth, they may be also used as alternative feedstock. In this study, an integrated biomethanization plant is proposed at which primary sludge is co-digested with SS-OFMSW (mixed wastes originating from the restaurants and canteens and from the greengrocery parts of the supermarkets). Results of this study indicated that almost 93% of annual total cost could be recovered if 100% renewable energy subsidy is implemented with a payback period of 13.2 years. However, if approximately 40 Euro gate fee is also implemented per tonne of waste with public subsidy, the payback period would shorten to 2.6 years indicating the positive effects of the incentives on system feasibility. Since landfilling is still the main solid waste disposal method in Turkey, other benefits of the proposed biomethanization plant would be the reduction of landfill volume requirement and the protection of the groundwater.
In accordance with the EU, the authoritative in Turkey are aware of that serious precautions should be taken in terms of sustainable environmental protection such as usage of alternative fuels for transport. For example, urban air pollution is often a key driver of alternative fuels for transport in developing countries due to its magnitude and visibility and the degree of public exposure to the problem. In this scope, if transport fuel substitute of the produced biogas is calculated, about 26 heavy good vehicles using diesel or 549 cars using gasoline may be powered per year (PE = 100,000; XPS = 61 g TS/PE/day; XSS-OFMSW = 50 g TS/PE/day). The number of heavy good vehicles or cars might increase up to 35 or 737 in the case of XSS-OFMSW = 100 g TS/PE·day. However, the biogas has to be upgraded for use in vehicles, and some modifications are required on the vehicle and engine technologies.
It is known for certain that number of such proposed biogas plants will increase in Turkey following the government incentive to promote their installations. How- ever, the related regulations regarding energy productivity, environment, Kyoto agreements, clean eco-production, and renewable energy should be immediately completed with the supply of the required infrastructure for investment. (6.Conclusion, page 7).
S: JBB – http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/953065 (last access: 12 November 2017)
N: 1. The term “biomethanization plant” is composed by:
– biomethanization (n): From verb “methanize” (“methane”, inflammable colourless and odourless gas, marsh gas, coined from chemical suffix “-ane” + syllable abstracted from “methyl”), the prefix “bio-” (connected with life and living things) and the suffix “-ation” (ending of some nouns of action).
– plant (n): From the middle English “plante”, that comes from the old English based on the Latin term planta: “the land, buildings, machinery, apparatus, and fixtures employed in carrying on a trade or an industrial business”.
2. A biomethanization plant is a sustainable and energy self-sufficient plant in which the process of biomethanization is carried out, out of organic wastes. Biomethanization consists in an anaerobic digestion producing methane and some other substances.
3. It produces a renewable energy that actively contributes to decreasing the production of greenhouse gases.
4. Pressure groups protesting the implementation of biomethanization plants because of potential odours are wrong. Their concepts include deodorizing units, made mandatory by studies based on MDDEFP specifications, which guarantee proper sanitation.
In nearly all these studies, the implementation of a biomethanization project improves the olfactory landscape of the sector in question. From a sample of ten biomethanization plants in North America, odour impact studies show that the frequency and intensity of the odours decreased between 55% and 92% compared with previous conditions.
S: 1. ACADEMIC – https://goo.gl/ZvLXcF; CD – https://goo.gl/LEyav9; MW – https://goo.gl/VoJueA; MW- https://goo.gl/5vewgf (last access: 16 November 2017); OED – https://goo.gl/DjKJiS; (last access: 11 November 2017). 2 & 3. Condorchem – https://goo.gl/dnZ5dn (last access: 12 November 2017). 4. OLFACTO – https://goo.gl/kfa8BQ (last access: 11 November 2017).
OV: biomethanation plant
S: TESPL – https://goo.gl/UF54Xh (last access: 11 November 2017)
SYN: organic waste treatment plant
S: ISWA – https://goo.gl/hGoE11 (last access: 12 November 2017); GDT – https://lc.cx/fSUB (last access: 12 November 2017).
CR: methane , methanization.
