GC: n
CT: The behaviour of the soft brown coal from the Kostolac Mine (Serbia, Yugoslavia) was investigated during hydroliquefaction carried out in a batch reactor by direct catalytic hydrogenation of the pulverized coal (−160 μm) dispersed in tetralin. The effects of temperature (ranging from 365 to 440°C), pressure (13.5 to 15.0 MPa) and residence time (1 to 8 h) on the yield of individual liquefaction products as well as the petrographic composition of the coal residues were closely followed by separation and analysis of the products. These consisted of liquid products soluble in n-heptane (light oils), n-heptane insoluble products (asphaltenes), the solid coal residue and gaseous products. A good reactivity of this soft brown coal was observed. The yield of liquid products varied from 23 to 64 wt.% (based on dry ash-free coal). A total coal conversion of 80 to 86% was achieved. Petrographic composition and optical properties of the solid coal residues were analyzed microscopically in order to establish the character and intensity of the coal changes. The solid residues were found to consist of 12 various grain categories. The low proportions of unreacted or partly reacted coal grains confirmed the good reactivity of the Kostolac soft brown coal in the applied liquefaction process.
S: Sdir – http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382098000794 (last access: 30 November 2016)
N: 1. – soft (adj): Old English softe, earlier sefte, “gentle, mild-natured; easeful, comfortable, calm, undisturbed; luxurious,” from West Germanic *samfti, from Proto-Germanic *samftijaz “level, even, smooth, gentle, soft” (source also of Old Saxon safti, Old High German semfti, German sanft; and from a variant form with –ch– for –f-, Middle Dutch sachte, Dutch zacht, German sacht), from root *som- “fitting, agreeable.” From c. 1200 of material things, “not stiff, not coarse, fine; yielding to weight.”
– brown (adj): Old English brun “dark, dusky,” developing a definite color sense only 13c., from Proto-Germanic *brunaz (source also of Old Norse brunn, Danish brun, Old Frisian and Old High German brun, Dutch bruin, German braun), from PIE *bher- “shining, brown” (source also of Lithuanian beras “brown”), related to *bheros “dark animal” (compare beaver, bear (n.), and Greek phrynos “toad,” literally “the brown animal”).
The Old English word also had a sense of “brightness, shining,” preserved only in burnish. The Germanic word was adopted into Romanic (Middle Latin brunus, Italian and Spanish bruno, French brun).
– coal (n): Old English col “charcoal, live coal,” from Proto-Germanic *kula(n) (source also of Old Frisian kole, Middle Dutch cole, Dutch kool, Old High German chol, German Kohle, Old Norse kol), from PIE root *g(e)u-lo- “live coal” (source also of Irish gual “coal”).
2. Extensive deposits of soft brown coal exist in Tertiary age sediments in a number of areas in Victoria and the largest single deposit occurs in the Latrobe Valley,
about i50 kilometers east of ikibourne. in this region the coal seams often exceed 150 metres in thickness, with an overburden to coal ratio usually better than 1:2 making the coal ideally suited for large-scale open-cut mining.
3. The chemical composition of soft brown coal dust and soil are similar, but with superior values for the percent of soil mineral material. The humic acids
content referred to the combustible matter (waf), is aproximately the same in soil and in the coal dust.
S: 1. OED – http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=soft+brown; http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=coal (last access: 30 November 2016). 2. https://web.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/Volumes/Vol28-4.pdf (last access: 30 November 2016). 3. http://www.scientificbulletin.upb.ro/rev_docs_arhiva/full16486.pdf (last access: 30 November 2016).
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CR: anthracite, bituminous coal, carbon , coal, coke, energy source, lignite , natural gas, peat.
