GC: n CT: The ultimate complexity of design and analysis of stresses is attained in arch and dome dams. These dams are thin, curved structures commonly containing reinforcement, either steel rods or prestressed steel cables the volume of concrete required is much less than for gravity and gravity arch dams,

GC: n CT: The thermal excitation of a carrier from the valence band to the conduction band creates free carriers in both bands. The concentration of these carriers is called the intrinsic carrier concentration, denoted by ni. Semiconductor material which has not had impurities added to it in order to

GC: n CT: One of Tesla’s legacies (and that of his business partner George Westinghouse, boss of the Westinghouse Electrical Company) is that most of the appliances we have in our homes are specifically designed to run from AC power. Appliances that need DC but have to take power from

GC: n CT: Ions: When atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons, they are neutral and have no electrical charge. However, both man-made and natural forces can act on atoms and result in a gain or loss of electrons. When a neutral atom has lost an electron (which

CG: n CT: It is also necessary to introduce elements of neutral atmospheric and magnetospheric physics since the ionosphere is very much affected by processes that originate in these two regions. The ionosphere coexists with the upper portion of the neutral atmosphere and receives considerable energy and momentum from the lower

GC: n CT: Hydropower is created by running water through a hydraulic turbine that spins and drives a generator shaft to create electricity. Most small hydro projects, also called micro-hydro, divert a portion of a river or creek’s flow, or are constructed on established channels, such as irrigation ditches. S:

GC: n CT: Isobutanol is a promising candidate as second-generation biofuel and has several advantages compared to bioethanol. Another benefit of isobutanol is that it is already formed as a by-product in fermentations with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, although only in very small amounts. Isobutanol formation results from valine degradation

See isobutanol

GC: n CT: Language technology will help in designing and implementing the systems needed to effectively deal with information and knowledge in a number of ways. Speech recognition will help in interacting with a number of devices in our own native language. Also, information could be presented by generating speech.

GC: n CT: The European Commission has been working since 2007 to end roaming charges in the EU. The Eurotariff capped prices for the whole EU as a first step. The tariffs were then gradually reduced and roaming charges were completely eliminated. Since 15 June 2017, people pay national prices