GC: n CT: What is the Photonics Industry? Photonics is one of the fastest growing high-tech industries in the world today. It includes optical communications (e.g., fiber optics, lasers, and infrared links), optical imaging (e.g., spy and weather satellites, night vision, holography, flat screen display, and CCD videocameras), optical data

GC: n CT: The photothermal effect is often used (particularly in the semiconductor industry) to measure thermal properties of materials [67, 9]. A common configuration is the modulated photothermal deflection experiment [83, 10], in which a “pump” laser beam, chopped into a square wave, strikes a sample at normal incidence,

GC: n CT: Sunlight consists of little particles of solar energy called photons. As a PV cell is exposed to this sunlight, many of the photons are reflected, pass right through, or absorbed by the solar cell. When enough photons are absorbed by the negative layer of the photovoltaic cell,

GC: n CT: A newly discovered path for the conversion of sunlight to electricity could brighten the future for photovoltaic technology. Researchers with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have found a new mechanism by which the photovoltaic effect can take place in semiconductor thin-films. This new route to energy

GC: n CT: Photovoltaic cells are connected electrically in series and/or parallel circuits to produce higher voltages, currents and power levels. Photovoltaic modules consist of PV cell circuits sealed in an environmentally protective laminate, and are the fundamental building blocks of PV systems. Photovoltaic panels include one or more PV

GC: n CT: The purpose of this article is to understand the state of art of photovoltaic solar energy through a systematic literature research, in which the following themes are approached: ways of obtaining the energy, its advantages and disadvantages, applications, current market, costs and technologies according to what has

Cf. photovoltaic module

GC: n CT: Pig iron is the product of smelting iron ore (also ilmenite) with a high-carbon fuel and reductant such as coke, usually with limestone as a flux. Charcoal and anthracite are also used as fuel and reductant. Pig iron is produced by smelting or iron ore in blast

Cf. Humanterm: https://humantermuem.es/piracy(2)

See HUMANTERM: https://humantermuem.es/pitch

GC: n CT: Does planned obsolescence really exist? How is the environment affected by the unrestrained consumption of electronic gadgets? According to the UN, we generate around 50 million tonnes of this waste each year from which a high percentage ends up in waste dumps in developing countries. Agbogbloshie is

GC: n CT: Pollution, we hear it every other day at school, college and read about it in newspapers. So what is it? Pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural surroundings; which brings about changes that affect our normal lifestyles adversely. Pollutants are the key elements or components of pollution

GC: n CT: Polonium is an extremely unstable radioactive chemical element which forms as part of the decay process of radium, another radioactive element. Because polonium is a stage in radium’s decay process, it is sometimes called radium F. This element appears in trace amounts in nature, typically in uranium

GC: n CT: Polycrystalline silicon is manufactured by first reacting metallurgical silicon with hydrogen and silicon tetrachloride to produce trichlorosilane. This is then reacted with hydrogen in a reactor so that the polycrystalline silicon is deposited in the form of rods. S: http://www.osaka-ti.co.jp/e/e_product/silicon/ (last access: 29 December 2014) N: 1.

GC: n CT: Potential energy is energy which results from position or configuration. An object may have the capacity for doing work as a result of its position in a gravitational field (gravitational potential energy), an electric field (electric potential energy), or a magnetic field (magnetic potential energy). It may

See Humanterm: https://humantermuem.es/poverty

GC: n CT: The amount of electricity a hydropower plant produces depends on two factors: How Far the Water Falls. The farther the water falls, the more power it has. Generally, the distance that the water falls depends on the size of the dam. The higher the dam, the farther

GC: n CT: The power grid is vulnerable to attack — there’s no question about that. In my own work, testing the security readiness of US and global energy companies and utilities, I regularly find serious vulnerabilities on these networks and I am often called in to deal with compromises

GC: n CT: Power in the wind. A wind turbine is the modern advancement of the windmill. Instead of using the wind to lift water or move heavy rocks to grind seeds wind is used to turn an electrical generator to make electricity. Sometimes, students mistake our model wind turbines

GC: n CT: Power transformers are used in transmission networks of higher voltages for step-up and step down applications (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are generally rated above 200MVA. Distribution transformers are used for lower voltage distribution networks as a means to end user connectivity.

GC: n CT: Preservation of Biodiversity. Biodiversity is defined as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic systems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.” Biodiversity is considered

GC: n CT: Combustion Air is the air drawn through the firebox by the draughting system which allows combustion to take place. Only the oxygen content of the air (approx 18%) is used in the combustion process, the remainder (mostly nitrogen) being inert and serving no function other than wasting

GC: n CT: Primary energy is the energy embodied in natural resources prior to undergoing any human-made conversions or transformations. Examples of primary energy resources include coal, crude oil, sunlight, wind, running rivers, vegetation, and uranium. When primary energy is converted to a different form like the conversion of moving

GC: n CT: Primary energy consumption is the amount of fossil and renewable fuels directly consumed by either one of the four major end-use sectors or by the electric power sector. The total primary energy across these five sectors is consistent with total energy use in the economy as shown