GC: n
CT: “The present project is aimed to the development of a multi-step process for the production of second-generation biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass in a cost-efficient way through the use of tailored nanostructured catalysts. The proposed process is based on the cascade combination of three catalytic transformations: catalytic pyrolysis, intermediate deoxygenation and hydrodeoxygenation. The sequential coupling of catalytic steps will be an essential factor for achieving a progressive and controlled biomass deoxygenation, which is expected to lead to liquid biofuels with a chemical composition and properties similar to those of oil-derived fuels. According to this strategy, the best nanocatalytic system in each step will be selected to deal with the remarkable chemical complexity of lignocellulose pyrolysis products, as well as to optimize the bio-oil yield and properties. Since hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is outlined in this scheme as the ultimate deoxygenation treatment, the overall hydrogen consumption should be strongly minimized, resulting in a significant improvement of the process economic profitability. The use of nanostructured catalysts will be the key tool for obtaining in each chemical step of the cascade process, the optimum deoxygenation degree, as well as high efficiency, in terms both of matter and energy, minimizing at the same time the possible environmental impacts. The project will involve experiments at laboratory, bench and pilot plant scales, as well as a viability study of its possible commercial application. Thereby, the integrated process will be assessed according to technical, economic, social, safety, toxicological and environmental criteria. The consortium will be formed by 17 partners, including 4 research institutions, 6 universities, 5 large industries and 2 SME.”
S: http://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/110687_es.html (last access: 7 November 2015)
N: 1. From “de-” (active word-forming element in English and in many words inherited from French and Latin, from Latin de “down, down from, from, off; concerning”, also used as a prefix in Latin usually meaning “down, off, away, from among, down from,” but also “down to the bottom, totally” hence “completely” (intensive or completive), which is its sense in many English words. As a Latin prefix it also had the function of undoing or reversing a verb’s action, and hence it came to be used as a pure privative “not, do the opposite of, undo” which is its primary function as a living prefix in English, as in defrost (1895), defuse (1943)) and “oxygen” (gaseous chemical element, 1790, from French oxygène, coined in 1777 by French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794), from Greek oxys “sharp, acid” + French -gène “something that produces” (from Greek -genes “formation, creation”; intended to mean “acidifying (principle),” it was a Greeking of French principe acidifiant; so called because oxygen was then considered essential in the formation of acids (it is now known not to be). The element was isolated by Priestley (1774), who, using the old model of chemistry, called it dephlogisticated air. The downfall of the phlogiston theory required a new name, which Lavoisier provided) + “ation” (word-forming element for making nouns of action).
2. Converting Biomass into a Stable Fuel.
Liquified or heat-treated biomass is generally not considered to be a stable fuel. This instability is imparted by its high oxygen content.
If there existed a method to convert this highly oxygenated biomass into alkanes, i.e., carbon-based molecules possessing carbon atoms linked together only by carbon-carbon single bonds, it would be a useful fuel. Unfortunately, the most common method currently utilized to remove the oxygen from biomass results in contamination.
Furthermore, the process is readily deactivated by carbon deposition and water. A new process that overcomes these limitations is needed.
Yuan Kou (Peking University, China), Johannes Lercher (Technische Universität München, Germany), and coworkers have developed an improved process for deoxygenating biomass for fuel preparation. They have converted the phenolic compounds in biomass to cyclic alkanes and methanol.
Phenols to fuel.
Biomass is comprised of a large number of carbon-based molecules. Consequently, the scientists intially chose a common molecule in biomass, phenol, as their model compound for deoxygenation studies.
Phenol possesses six carbon atoms in a ring, linked together by alternating carbon-carbon single and double bonds, and an alcohol substituent. It is also known as “hospital odor.”
3. In the fields of Water Pollution and Water Treatment (Water Supply): The partial or complete removal of dissolved oxygen from water, either under natural conditions or deliberately by physical or chemical processes.
S: 1. OED – http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=de&searchmode=none; http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=oxygen&searchmode=none; http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=ation&searchmode=none (last access: 7 November 2015). 2. https://www.nasw.org/users/mslong/2009/2009_05/AlkanesFromBiomass.htm (last access: 7 November 2015). 3. TERMIUMPLUS – index=alt&codom2nd=&srchtxt=deoxygenation&comencsrch.x=6&comencsrch.y=8″>http://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-eng.html?lang=eng&i=&index=alt&index=alt&codom2nd=&srchtxt=deoxygenation&comencsrch.x=6&comencsrch.y=8 (last access: 5 November 2015).
GV: de-oxygenation
S: TERMIUM PLUS (last access: 4 November 2015)
SYN:
S:
