GC: n CT: The amount of electricity a hydropower plant produces depends on two factors: How Far the Water Falls. The farther the water falls, the more power it has. Generally, the distance that the water falls depends on the size of the dam. The higher the dam, the farther

GC: n CT: The power grid is vulnerable to attack — there’s no question about that. In my own work, testing the security readiness of US and global energy companies and utilities, I regularly find serious vulnerabilities on these networks and I am often called in to deal with compromises

GC: n CT: Power in the wind. A wind turbine is the modern advancement of the windmill. Instead of using the wind to lift water or move heavy rocks to grind seeds wind is used to turn an electrical generator to make electricity. Sometimes, students mistake our model wind turbines

GC: n CT: Power transformers are used in transmission networks of higher voltages for step-up and step down applications (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are generally rated above 200MVA. Distribution transformers are used for lower voltage distribution networks as a means to end user connectivity.

GC: n CT: Preservation of Biodiversity. Biodiversity is defined as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic systems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.” Biodiversity is considered

GC: n CT: Combustion Air is the air drawn through the firebox by the draughting system which allows combustion to take place. Only the oxygen content of the air (approx 18%) is used in the combustion process, the remainder (mostly nitrogen) being inert and serving no function other than wasting

GC: n CT: Primary energy is the energy embodied in natural resources prior to undergoing any human-made conversions or transformations. Examples of primary energy resources include coal, crude oil, sunlight, wind, running rivers, vegetation, and uranium. When primary energy is converted to a different form like the conversion of moving

GC: n CT: Primary energy consumption is the amount of fossil and renewable fuels directly consumed by either one of the four major end-use sectors or by the electric power sector. The total primary energy across these five sectors is consistent with total energy use in the economy as shown

GC: n CT: In the Energy Doubler/Saver, protons comprising an energy of 1,000 giga-electron volts would be sent into a block of uranium. Each proton would generate 60,000 neutrons, which would be absorbed by the uranium nuclei to produce plutonium. When burned in a nuclear reactor, plutonium produces 0.2 GeV

GC: n CT: Contemporary technologies of fruit and vine production imply conducting intensive plantation pruning, and so significant amount of biomass appear with ecological and energetic importance. Thermal energy use of biomass residues as pruning is important from the point of view of environmental protection, the closed cycle of production

See pumped-storage plant

CG: n CT: The production and consumption of electricity do not always run together concurrently. Both in industrial nations as well as in developing countries with a rising need for energy, there are daily fluctuations in the electricity grid. Pumped storage power plants are ideally suited worldwide in helping to

GC: n CT: There’s another type of hydropower plant, called the pumped-storage plant. In a conventional hydropower plant, the water from the reservoir flows through the plant, exits and is carried down stream. A pumped-storage plant has two reservoirs: Upper reservoir – Like a conventional hydropower plant, a dam creates

GC: n CT: A pyranometer is used to measure the total energy from the sun. When leveled in the horizontal plane, this is called the Global Shortwave Irradiance (GLOBAL) and when positioned in a plane of a PV Array, it is called the Total Irradiance in the plane of array

GC: n CT: Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of biomass occurring in the absence of oxygen. It is the fundamental chemical reaction that is the precursor of both the combustion and gasification processes and occurs naturally in the first two seconds. The products of biomass pyrolysis include biochar, bio-oil and

CG: n CT: Quantum bits, or qubits, can hold quantum information much longer now thanks to efforts by an international research team. The researchers have increased the retention time, or coherence time, to 10 milliseconds—10,000 times longer than the previous record—by combining the orbital motion and spinning inside an atom. Such

GC: n CT: The massive amount of processing power generated by computer manufacturers has not yet been able to quench our thirst for speed and computing capacity. In 1947, American computer engineer Howard Aiken said that just six electronic digital computers would satisfy the computing needs of the United States.

GC: n CT: Forty years ago, protons and neutrons were thought to be fundamental particles like electrons. In other words, it was thought that they could not be divided into smaller particles. In the 1960s, physicists working at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center found that electrons traveling near the speed

GC: n CT: Radar is an acronym for “radio detection and ranging.” A radar system usually operates in the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) or microwave part of the radio-frequency (RF) spectrum, and is used to detect the position and/or movement of objects. Radar can track storm systems, because precipitation reflects electromagnetic fields

GC: n CT: Radiant Energy. Atoms absorb energy from an outside source and release (or “emit”) this energy as electromagnetic radiation. This radiation can be in the form of waves of many different wavelengths or frequencies. Many energy sources emit radiant energy. The sun and other stars are luminous or

GC: n CT: If you are not familiar with working around radiation or radioactive material, the terms and concepts may confuse you at first. Let’s look at some of the properties of radiation and radioactive material. Radiation – Radiation is energy in the form of waves or particles given off

GC: n CT: An idea to dispose of the waste underground in Antarctica sounded promising: heat from the radioactive decay would melt ice sheets below the waste, causing it to sink. But this plan was abandoned due to international treaties aimed at preserving the near pristine state of the continent.

GC: n CT: Radioactive waste comes mainly from nuclear power production, but also from medicine, research, industry, and agriculture. Radioactive waste is produced in all EU countries and spent fuel in countries with nuclear power programmes and research reactors. While low and medium-level nuclear waste such as from medical equipment

GC: n CT: The scale of the nuclear disaster in Japan caused by the earthquake and tsunami in March 2011, in terms of releases from the nuclear power stations in Fukushima, was not as great as Chernobyl. Radioactive material released into the atmosphere is dispersed around the world, and indeed